The Chemical and Physical Properties of Lithium, or Li

Lithium is the first metal you encounter on the periodic table. Here are important facts about this element. Lithium Basic Facts Atomic Number: 3Symbol: LiAtomic Weight: [6.938; 6.997]Reference: IUPAC 2009Discovery: 1817, Arfvedson (Sweden)Electron Configuration: [He]2s1Word Origin Greek: lithos, stoneElement Classification: Alkali Metal Lithium Properties Lithium has a melting point of 180.54 C, a boiling point of 1342 C, a specific gravity of 0.534 (20 C), and a valence of 1. It is the lightest of the metals, with a density approximately half that of water. Under ordinary conditions, lithium is the least dense of the solid elements. It has the highest specific heat of any solid element. Metallic lithium is silvery in appearance. It reacts with water, but not as vigorously as does sodium. Lithium imparts a crimson color to flame, although the metal itself burns a bright white. Lithium is corrosive and requires special handling. Elemental lithium is extremely flammable. Lithium Uses Lithium is used in heat transfer applications. It is used as an alloying agent, in synthesizing organic compounds, and is added to glasses and ceramics. Its high electrochemical potential makes it useful for battery anodes. Lithium chloride and lithium bromide are highly hygroscopic, so they are used as drying agents. Lithium stearate is used as a high-temperature lubricant. Lithium has medical applications as well. Lithium Sources Lithium does not occur free in nature. It is found in small amounts in practically all igneous rocks and in the waters of mineral springs. The minerals that contain lithium include lepidolite, petalite, amblygonite, and spodumene. Lithium metal is produced electrolytically from the fused chloride. Lithium Physical Data Density (g/cc): 0.534Appearance: soft, silvery-white metalIsotopes: 8 isotopes [Li-4 to Li-11]. Li-6 (7.59% abundance) and Li-7 (92.41% abundance) are both stable.Atomic Radius (pm): 155Atomic Volume (cc/mol): 13.1Covalent Radius (pm): 163Ionic Radius: 68 (1e)Specific Heat (20 °C J/g mol): 3.489Fusion Heat (kJ/mol): 2.89Evaporation Heat (kJ/mol): 148Debye Temperature ( °K): 400.00Pauling Negativity Number: 0.98First Ionizing Energy (kJ/mol): 519.9Oxidation States: 1Lattice Structure: Body-Centered CubicLattice Constant (Ã…): 3.490Magnetic Ordering: paramagneticElectrical Resistivity (20 °C): 92.8 nÃŽ ©Ã‚ ·mThermal Conductivity (300 K): 84.8 W ·m−1 ·K−1Thermal Expansion (25 °C): 46  µm ·m−1 ·K−1Speed of Sound (thin rod) (20 °C): 6000 m/sYoungs Modulus: 4.9 GPaShear Modulus: 4.2 GPaBulk Modulus: 11 GPaMohs Hardness: 0.6CAS Registry Number: 7439-93-2 Lithium Trivia Lithium is used extensively in rechargeable battery technology.Lithium is the only alkali metal that reacts with nitrogen.Lithium burns red in a flame test.Lithium was first discovered in the mineral petalite (LiAlSi4O10).Lithium is used to create the hydrogen isotope tritium through bombardment of neutrons. Sources Los Alamos National Laboratory (2001)IUPAC 2009Crescent Chemical Company (2001)Langes Handbook of Chemistry (1952)

A Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen - 1487 Words

Dr. Rank says in reference to himself, â€Å"[Rank]†¦leave behind†¦ nothing but an empty place which the first comer can fill as well as any other.† (Ibsen 47). With these words it is implied that he is essentially inconsequential. Although Rank does not greatly affect the happenings of the play and appears to be a relatively superfluous character, he helps set the mood and the progression of his illness runs alongside the predominant story. Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House takes place after a woman, Nora, illegally takes a loan. She then struggles to hide it when the lender, Krogstad, threatens to reveal her crime to her husband, Torvald Helmer. Dr. Rank appears to play a minor role in the story but his illness is a highly underrated element. Dr. Rank plays an important role in A Doll’s House through his companionship with Nora, his illness and his choices. Ibsen’s elaboration of Doctor Rank’s role is vital as it helps accentuate maj or plot points, develop characters and progress the plot. The first message Rank’s illness reinforces is the health of the Helmer’s marriage. When Rank is first introduced his illness is not at all addressed and Nora and Helmer simply talk of his coming to their party (Ibsen 9). Rank is mentioned briefly and is only given the identity of a doctor and a friend but his illness is untouched. Rank seems to be a perfectly fine gentleman just as the Helmer’s appear to have a healthy marriage. Later, soon after finding out that Nora has been keeping a secretShow MoreRelatedHenrik Ibsen s A Doll House1563 Words   |  7 Pages In the play, A Doll House by Henrik Ibsen, the title itself symbolizes the dependent and degraded role of the wife within traditional marriages. 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Nora is the protagonist in A Doll’s House and the wife of a man named Torvald. This play is about Nora’s voyage to recognizing her self- determination and independence. She transforms from a traditional, reserved woman to a new, independentRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen1298 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"There is beauty in truth, even if it s painful. Those who lie, twist life so that it looks tasty to the lazy, brilliant to the ignorant, and powerful to the weak. But lies only strengthen our defects. They don t teach anything, help anything, fix anything or cure anything. Nor do they develop one s character, one s mind, one s heart or one s soul.† (Josà © N. Harris). Nora Helmer’s choice to lie and deceive is inappropriate and wrong for women to do to her husband during this time period; itRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen1037 Words   |  5 PagesHenrik Ibsen s A Doll s House is a work of literature genius. This three-act play involves many literary technics that are undermined by the average reader such as the fact that the plot shows the main characters Torvald and his wife Nora live the perfect life. An ironic paradox based around the fact that Nora and Torvald’s relationship is the complete opposite of perfect. Also, bringing upon a conflict as well, appearance versus reality. These little hidden meanings within stories are what areRead MoreHenrik Ibsen s A Doll House Essay1501 Words   |  7 PagesHenrik Ibsen’s play â€Å"A Doll House† was set in the Victorian era, a time where women were highly respected. Women in this time period did not work, they had nannies to take care of their children and maids to take care of their homes. Many women had no real responsibilities, they spent their time having tea parties and socializing with their friends. Henrik Ibsen dared to show the realism of the Victorian era while everyone else would only focus on the romantic aspect. In the play, â€Å"A Doll House†Read MoreA Doll s House : Henrik Ibsen962 Words   |  4 PagesDrama Analysis A Doll’s House (Henrik Ibsen) And Trifles (Susan Glaspell) In comparing both dramas, the overwhelming aspect of convergence between both is the open discussion of gender identity. Both dramas make similar points about what it means to be a woman. Modern society in both dramas is constructed with men holding power over women. This is seen in Trifles in how men like George Henderson and Mr. Hale are myopic. The premise of the drama is how women worry over trifles, and the dismissiveRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen1421 Words   |  6 PagesIn A Doll’s House, Henrik Ibsen examines conventional roles of men and women in the nineteenth century. In the play, Nora exemplifies the conventional feminine standard during that period. She seems to be powerless and confines herself through high standard expectations, demonstrating what the role of a women would be as a wife and mother. The protagonist of A Doll’s House is a woman named Nora Helmer. Ibsen shows how Nora’s design of perfect life gradually transforms when her sec ret unravels. InRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen876 Words   |  4 PagesA Doll’s House by Henrik Ibsen A Doll’s House takes place in the home of Torvald and Nora Helmer. Through conversation with Nora’s good friend Kristine Linde it is revealed that Mr. Helmer was ill around the same time Nora’s father died. Luckily Nora’s father left her enough money that Torvald and Nora could go on a life saving trip to Italy. But the truth comes out when we find out Nora’s father did not leave her a penny. We find out that Nora got a hold of the money through a loan but she signed

Snow White and Red Rose Free Essays

There was once a poor woman who lived in an old thatched cottage . In front of the cottage grew two rose bushes. One grew flowers as white as snow, the other had flowers as red as wine. We will write a custom essay sample on Snow White and Red Rose or any similar topic only for you Order Now The woman had two daughters who resembled these rose bushes: one had a complexion as white as snow, the other lips as red roses. She named her daughters snow white and red rose. They were both good girls, but very different. Snow white, the elder, liked to stay with her mother and help her around the house, while her sister, Red rose, would wander the fields collecting flowers. But they loved each other dearly, and enjoyed each other’s company. This pleased there mother. ‘what one has she must share with the other. ’ The two girls liked to go walking in the woods to pick berries. Although the woods were filled with wild animals they never came to any harm-rather the reverse. The rabbits would come would come to feed from their hands and the deer would walk by their sides. If the girls were far from their home when night fell, they would make themselves a bed on the soft moss and sleep peacefully until morning. Their mother did not worry, as she knew her daughters were perfectly safe in the woods. The cottage itself was spotlessly clean, thanks to the way the two girls helped their mother. Red rose did the work housework during the summer. She would rise early, before anyone else was awake, so that she could bring her fresh flowers to put by her bed. During the winter, it was Snow white who lit the fire and set the cooking pot to boil. It was a copper cauldron, but she cleaned it so well, it shone like gold. One evening, as the snow falling softly outside, Snow white and Rose red sat by the fire as their mother read to them. A small lamb lay beside them, basking in the warmth, and a dove dozed on its perch above them. As the night drew on there came a loud knock at the door. ‘Quickly, Rose red,’ said her mother. ‘Open the door. It must be a lost traveller looking for shelter for the night. ’ Rose red opened the door, but standing there, instead of a traveller, was a enormous bear! She screamed and Snow white ran to hide behind her mother. ‘Do not be afraid,’ said the bear. ’ I mean you no harm. I am dying of cold and I am simply seeking some warmth. ‘The lamb trembled with fear and the dove flew away at the sound of the bear’s voice, but the girls’ mother was not scared. ‘Poor bear,’ she said. ‘Come, and warm yourself by the fire. Come, my daughters, do not be afraid, this bear will not harm you. ‘The girls came closer and were soon felling confident enough to brush the snow from his thick fur and tickle him with a stick. This would make the bear chuckle, but every now and again they would poke him too hard. The bear would growl softly, ‘Snow white, Rose Red, be careful. You almost spread me. ’ When it was time to go to bed, the girl’ mother suggested that the bear stay and sleep close to the fire. The next morning the two sisters woke and saw that the bear had left. Its heavy footprints in the snow led towards the wood. The next night the bear returned, and the next, and the next. All winter, the bear returned to sleep in the thatched cottage. The young girls spent the evenings playing with him, then at daybreak the bear would leave. One morning, when spring had come, the bear to Snow white, ‘I must leave now, and I will not be able to return until after summer. ’ ‘Must you go? ’ asked Snow white. ‘I’m afraid so,’ he replied. ‘I have to protect my treasure from the elves. As long as the ground is cold, the elves cannot find it, but as soon as the sun returns and heats the ground, they try to steal it. Snow white was very sad to see the bear leave, but as he passed the door, the latch caught against his skin and cut him. For a moment Snow white thought she saw a flash of gold shining through his fur, but she glimpsed it so briefly she could not be sure. Seeing snow white’s confused look, bear fled quickly into the woods. Sometime later, Rose red and Snow white were sent by their mother to collect firewood in the forest. As they approached a newly-felled tree, they spotted something hopping around the stump. It was an elf with a long white beard. The end of the beard was caught in the trunk and he pulled and tugged at his beard to try to release it. The elf glared at the girls. ‘What are you, statues? Why don’t you help me? ’ The happened here? ’ asked Red rose nicely. ‘You have a brains of a turkey! ’ the elf snapped back. ‘Can’t you tell that I was trying to chop down this tree here for firewood? It was all doing fine until my beard got caught in this cursed tree. Then you two young turkeys wandered past laughing at me! ’ To two sisters tried to free the elf, but his beard remained held fast on the tree. ‘Let’s go for help,’ suggested Rose red. You idiots! ’ he cried. ‘How dare you cut off the end of my beard? ’ Then he threw the bag on his shoulder and left without even looking at the young girls, let alone thanking them for freeing him. A few days later, Snow white and Rose red decided to go fishing. When they were close to the river, they saw something moving. It was the elf that Snow white had helped a few days earlier. A strong wind had entangled his beard with a fishing line-and at the other end of the line was a big fish. The fish was pulling so hard it threatened to drag the elf into the water. ‘Be careful! shouted Rose red. ‘You’ll fall into the water. ’ ‘I am not doing this on purpose, you fools,’ replied the elf, rudely. ‘It’s this cursed fish which wants me to fall in. ’ The young girls went to help. They hauled the elf into the bank and tried to disentangle the beard from the line. Unfortunately his beard was so twisted that Snow white was forced once again to resort to the scissors. The elf started to howl, ‘Oh, you devils! Why do you feel you have to mutilate the faces of everyone you meet? You disfigured me earlier, cutting off the point off my beard, and now you’ve cut off more! I daren’t show my face now because of you. ’ Snow white and Rose red were astonished. Then the elf added a curse. ‘I wish you only one thing-it is that you have to run without stopping until you have worn out the soles of you shoes. ’ Then he turned his back on the two girls, picked up a bag of pearls he had left on the riverbank, threw it over his shoulder and marched away. A short time afterwards, the girls’ mother sent them to town to buy some needles and thread. The path to the city crossed a moor covered with large rocks. Snow white and Rose red spotted an immense eagle circling in the sky. How to cite Snow White and Red Rose, Papers

Health Assurance Quality Assurance and Legislation

Question: Discuss about the Health Assurancefor Quality Assurance and Legislation. Answer: Introduction Quality Assurance and Legislation in Aotearoa New Zealand Aotearoa New Zealand is dominantly occupied by the Maori people. Being the indigenous culture in New Zealand, they signed a treaty with the queen Victoria after Britain prevailed in colonizing New Zealand (Kane, et.al, 2005). The treaty was known as the treaty of Waitangi that governs their lives and wellbeing. The government honors this treaty though there is little consensus on its interpretation and its practicality in modern times. The court has to settle matters of recognizing the treaty and its application most of the time. Consequences of inequitable healthy care and significant disparities are the main concerns for the Maori people as any other indigenous culture (Davey, 2004). Their age structure shows characteristics of a third world country structure despite the fact that New Zealand is a first world country. Of the total New Zealand population, in the 1996 census, the Maori people made up only 14.5%. 37.5% of its population were young people aged 15years and below. This w as higher than that of the other cultures. They also had only 3% of its population aged above 65years. Maoris life expectancy was discovered to be lower than that of the other cultures, with men having a life expectancy of eight years lesser than the non-Maori and women nine years lesser (Lewis, 2005). With their decreased fertility rates and increased mortality rates for cerebrovascular disease, cancer and unintentional injury being higher than the rest of the population, it makes their health a priority to the government. This called for creation of quality assurance bodies and legislation to improve their healthy status. The following are some of the quality assurance bodies and legislation. National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA) Originally created by the managed care industry but it later became a sovereign entity after being given a grant from Robert Wood Johnson foundation. Its major initiatives are: maintenance of Information set and Health plan data (HEDIS), a lay down of performance measures that asses the managed care organizations; a program for managed care organizations certifying their organization process and reviewing auditors. HEIDS measures have evolved over the years and now have specifics that focus on different aspects of Medicare. It incorporates the MAPO strategy, this way its possible to operationalise Waitangi treaty and allow for Maori to participate in health sector externally. The MAPO squad consists of people with clinical, policy analysis, financial and project management expertise that oversee the quality assurance. Health Funding Authority (HFA) Deals with analysis of effects of its disestablishment and the impact it has on the Maori health development. This takes into account changes in the environment, the treaty of Waitangi and the HFA. HFA is anticipated to do the accepted things to a national Maori strategic health plan drafted by Maori health group (Duke, 2005). The entire organization owns it. The plan has contributed to the benchmarking of Maori health and also its development performance. Mari cultures nature has always been holistic. Their cultural, physical, tribal, spiritual and family elements all interrelate and affect each other. In quality assurance, HFA has to take into consideration the four aspects of the Maori health scheme that are considered to make it equally holistic. These cornerstones include: emotional and mental aspects, spiritual aspects, community and family aspects and finally, physical aspects. To achieve quality, the Maori people are encouraged to play a part in the program. Quality Assurance Activities under the Act (QAA) Health practitioners are subject to assessment as a part of QAA. They however can submit an application to have this activities protected in the competence act of health practitioners. Quality Assurance Activities is a term in the act that refers to how the practitioners monitor, review and assess their work as an integral part of assuring quality. It helps improve competence of practitioners and delivery of services as far as health care is concerned. Due to the public concern to see protected QAA the ministry of health publishes annual reports on the same. Healthy Quality and Safety Commission New Zealand This commission works closely with professionals and patients across the health sector. It also deals with infection control and prevention. To honor the definition of health according to Maori, the commission has to recognize inter-sectoral integration of the Maori. Their undertakings must be informed by the want to strengthen Maori community tribal groups and family as a whole. This kind of integration comes with many difficulties though well developed initiatives are in place to make this possible. Clinical Governance In the New Zealand Health Sector This is a concept of governance that is multifaceted in terms of perspectives and constituents; its a process, a behavior and a structure in its appearance. Clinical governance takes into account patients and those representing them; providers and those that represent them too (Bundy, 2004). Clinical governance activities majorly focus on assuring quality. Healthcare consumers have expectations of being offered best quality services as required. Credentialing in New Zealand Health and Disability Services This was established by the ministry of health. Its geared towards achieving clinical excellence. Its focused on credentialing senior officers in the medical field and also health professionals in the disabilities service. However its main focus are where there are risks of harm due to lack of clinical oversight directly. This includes where there is an expanded practice scope. Credentialing is done on basis of qualifications, training education and experience with a primary focus on the patients safety and also practitioners protection, consumer confidence and providers accountability. However the Health Practitioners Competence Act (HAPCA) of 2003 gives clear guidelines for regulatory authorities defines scopes of practice and registration. On the other hand both extended and expanded scopes are taken care of by the New Zealand Nurses Organization (NZNO). Credentialing helps to respond to exacting needs of the Maori culture and recognize the governments role under the treaty of Waitangi so as to work as a unit to improve the health outcomes of the Maori (Larner, et.al. 2005). Its objective is to increase Maori participation in every single level in the health sector so as to benefit from government funded disability and health sectors thus preserving treaty based rights. Through this strategy, its easy to identify and in turn utilize potential contributions of the main tribe (Iwi), sub tribe (Hapu) and family (Whanau) in the health sector. This plays an important role in counterbalancing disparities that have affected access, need based and choice of utilizing of health services. These professional bodies play a very important role I the wellbeing and good health of the Maori people; partnership health promotion, injury and disease prevention by all stakeholders; equitable and timely access to health facilities and disability services in spite of the ability to pay; active consumer involvement and community ; improving health status of the disadvantaged; acknowledge the relationship between the crown and Maori under treaty of Waitangi; achieving a high performance healthcare system that people trust. Consumers should be involved in quality assurance process at local level. For it to be successful, on the other hand, practitioner and their organizational preparedness are mandatory. Experience from the Maori people has revealed that when practitioners are involved actively in quality assurance process, the consumers greatly accept to be involved too. In addition, consumers involvement in other organizations areas increases their readiness to have a say towards quality assurance (Wepa, 2015). However, the special relationship between the crown and Maori must be recognized and that they shall play an important role in the implementation of health approach. They should also be in a position to provide and define their healthcare priorities; and be supported to develop the capability to deliver services to their people. References Bundy, A. (2004). Australian and New Zealand information literacy framework. Principles, standards and practice, 2. Davey, J. A., de Joux, V., Nana, G., Arcus, M. (2004). Accommodation options for older people in Aotearoa/New Zealand. Christchurch: Centre for Housing Research. Duke, K. (2005). A century of CAM in New Zealand: a struggle for recognition. Complementary therapies in clinical practice, 11(1), 11-16. Kane, R. G., Burke, P., Cullen, J., Davey, R., Jordan, B., McCurchy-Pilkington, C., ... Stephens, C. (2005). Initial teacher education policy and practice. Larner, W., Le Heron, R. (2005). Neo-liberalizing spaces and subjectivities: Reinventing New Zealand universities. Organization, 12(6), 843-862. Lewis*, N. (2005). Code of practice for the pastoral care of international students: making a globalising industry in New Zealand. Globalisation, Societies and Education, 3(1), 5-47. Wepa, D. (Ed.). (2015). Cultural safety in Aotearoa New Zealand. Cambridge University Press.